DuBois, by contrast, called for immediate political and legal action and activism to win recognition of the constitutional rights and guarantees of full civic membership and inclusion promised by the Thirteenth (1865), Fourteenth (1868), and Fifteenth Amendments (1870), not least, in the last, of the purportedly guaranteed right to vote. Washington, who had called upon blacks to accept Jim Crow segregation and disenfranchisement, and to prove themselves through hard-work, self-cultivation, and self-help, whereupon their achievements would ultimately be recognized, and full citizenship freely granted. DuBois was simultaneously a political activist who mounted an aggressive, and often bitter, challenge, to the then-reigning “spokesman for the race,” Booker T. DuBois was the country’s pre-eminent black scholar and intellectual, and one the nation’s most prominent of any background. Born and raised in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, the Fisk, Harvard, and Berlin-educated historian, sociologist, economist, and man of letters, W.E.B.
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